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序論:寫作是一種深度的自我表達。它要求我們深入探索自己的思想和情感,挖掘那些隱藏在內心深處的真相,好投稿為您帶來了七篇英語論文開題報告范文,愿它們成為您寫作過程中的靈感催化劑,助力您的創作。

英語論文開題報告

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漢口學院本科畢業論文(設計)開題報告

院(系)名稱專業名稱年級

外國語學院英2009肖靜語級靜

學生姓名學號

2009932125劉麗

指導教師姓名

填表時間:

2012年12月24日

擬選題目選題依據及研究意義TheScarletLetterisan1850romanticworkoffictioninahistoricalsetting,writtenbyNathanielHawthorne.Itisconsideredtobehismagnumopus.Setin17th-centuryPuritanBoston,Massachusettsduringtheyears1642to1649,ittellsthestoryofHesterPrynne,whoconceivesadaughterthroughanadulterousaffairandstrugglestocreateanewlifeofrepentanceanddignity.Throughoutthebook,Hawthorneexploresthemesoflegalism,sin,andguilt.Hawthorneisafamousromanticnovelistofthe19thcentury,hewasadeptatusingromanticimagination,symbolism,aplentyofmoralsubjectivecolorandPsychologicalanalysistoexploretheinnerworldofthecharactersandpresentthetheme.InhismasterpieceTheScarletLetter,Hawthornemakesfulladvantagesofthoselanguageskills.Mostimportantly,symbolismisthroughoutthewholenovelandhasvarietiesmeaning.So,Hawthorneisregardedasapioneerofthemodernsymbolismliterary.ThisthesisbrieflyfocusesonanalyzingthosesymbolismsinTheScarletLetter.Symbolismisakindofspeechwhichdependsontheinnerlinkoftwothings,usessomespecificimagestopresentabstractconcepts,thoughtsandemotions.Symbolismplaysaveryimportantroleinliterarywriting.Itbringsaloftysignificancetothearticleandmakesthearticlehaveasubtleandprofoundtheme.ThisthesisconcentratesontheapplicationofsymbolisminTheScarletLetter,whichisregardedasthemajorwritingcharacteristicinthenovel.Wecanfindsymbolisminthechangemeaningof“A”,inthesymbolofthenameofthecharacters,inthemeaningofthescenes.Itisnodoubtthatonlybyanalyzingthosesymbolismindetail,canwehaveaoverallsenseofthethemeandgetabetterunderstandingofsymbolism.

SymbolisminTheScarletLetter

選題的研究現狀TheScarletLetteristhefirstnovelofHawthorne,afterthebookadventin1850,Hawthornebecamefameandrecognizedasthemostimportantwriteratthattime.Further,Hawthornecalledhis“romance”as“psychologicalromance”,thisisenoughshowsthatHawthornehadpaidmuchattentiontopsychologicaldescription,thereasonwhyheattachmuchimportancetopsychologicaldescriptionisthat:ononehand,hewasaffectedbythetimesandreligious,confusedwiththespiritandthesoul,hethoughtsincethesoulhavegoodandevil,loveandhate,andhavesins,theyareshouldberevealedsoastopunishingevilandpromotingvirtue,awardingloveandsuppressinghate.Butontheotherhand,people’spsychologicaldependonpeople’sbehavior,ifwenotanalyzethecharacter’spsychologicalwecannotunderstandtheinnerofthecharacter,wewillinevitablyseemedsuperficial.Forreaderswhoareaccustomedtoreadingourtraditionaltechniquestodrawcharacters,theymayfeelThestoryrhythmistooslow,butheistheoriginatoroftheAmericanpsychologicalnovels.Aftersomanyyears,thebookalwaysunderworship,thecriticsneverstoppedconcerningaboutthisnovel.TheScarletLetterisnowrecognizedasanimmortalmasterpieces,Hawthornealsoreceivedahighrating.TheScarletLetterisan1850romanticworkoffictioninahistoricalsetting,writtenbyNathanielHawthorne.Itisconsideredtobehismagnumopus.Setin17th-centuryPuritanBoston,Massachusettsduringtheyears1642to1649,ittellsthestoryofHesterPrynne,whoconceivesadaughterthroughanadulterousaffairandstrugglestocreateanewlifeofrepentanceanddignity.Throughoutthebook,Hawthorneexploresthemesoflegalism,sin,andguilt.Indomestic,manyscholarshavedeeplyresearchedTheScarletLetter,someanalyzedit’sthemefromtheperspectiveofthesocietybackgroundandstoryStructure,somefocustheirresearchonhowwomenpursuingmarriageandamourunderthatsocietysetting,somescholarspayattentiontothesymbolismusedinthenovel,but,amajorityofscholarsputmainenergyonanalyzingthepsychology,character,imageoftheheroandheroininTheScarletLetter,byanalyzingthehumanityofthethreemaincharacters,wecanunderstandtheabominableinfluenceonhumanityresultedfromPuritanism.Inourcountry,therearemanyworksaboutresearchingthescarletletter.Forexample,Hawthorne’sfeministthoughtreflectedonHesterPrynnewrittenbyChengShuHua.PaltielguliIsaac’sworkfromChinesefeministliterarycriticismperspectiveviewHesterPrynne’simagein

TheScarletLetter.ForeignscholarshavealongerhistoryinresearchingHawthorne,intheearly1836,ParkerBenjaminpublishedthefirstarticlemadecommenceonHawthorne’sworksontheNewEnglandjournal.In1932,RandallStuarteditedandpublishedHawthorne’sAmericandiary,thispushedtheresearchofHawthornetoahigherclimax.Atthattime,theresearchbegantoinvolveHawthorne’sbeautytheoryandpoliticalpoint.In1976,Americanestablished“researchinstituteofHawthorne”especially,payattentiontoHawthorne’sromanceprinciple.SomehavesuggestedthatTheScarletLetterisfartoodescriptive,tothepointthatthewordsloosemeaning,andthereaderisdesensitizedtothemessagethattheauthoristryingtoconvey.Thisalsocausesthebooktolosepace,andturnoffreaderstoreadingHawthorne’sworkentirely.Whichissomewhatapity,consideringHawthornewasquitetheauthorinwritingshortstories,andpoems.Perhapshefeltheneedtowriteabookonthesubjectbecauseitwaspersonal,however,manyfeelitisashortstorywiththelengthandpaceofagreattome.Hawthorne’sworksreallyaregood,butsomedidfindthatthisbookdidusetoomanywordswhenjust1or2wouldhavebeensufficient.Methinksthat’smorearesultofromanticstylethanitishisindividualwordchoice.Theexcessofwordscanbefoundinotherbooksofthatera,likeFrankenstein(particularlyPercy’sedit)--MaskedSheik,6January2007(UTC).Contrarytowhatsomebelieve,thisisagoodbook,Ithinkitisfineinthemethodsofdescriptions,thoughIwillagreethatattimesyoudogetboredwithit.Thenagain,everybookhasit’slessinterestingparts.Ifyouliketofigureoutsymbolismoryouliketoseehowpeoplereactincertainsituations,psychology,itisinteresting.Oryoumightreaditduetothesimplefactthatitisrequiredforschool.Irrelevantofwhetheryouguysthinkthatthisbookisgoodornot,thecriticismsectionneedsreferences.Perhapsincludingarticlesofliterarycritics,orsomeotherdocumentedcriticismofthenovel,Justsaying“thisisagoodbook”doesn’tnegatetheneedforsuchasection,andsaying“Somehavesuggested”isborderingonweaselwords.Let’suseactualcitations,notourownopinions.AlthoughIpersonallyagreethatthisbooksucks,Iagreewiththecommentabove.Ifthearticlecontainsanyopinions(whichisdebatablewhetheritshould),theymustbebalanced,andbefromcrediblesources.(Wikipedia:Describingpointsofview).MostreviewersgaveHawthorne’snovelhighpraiseatthetimeofitspublication.EvertA.Duyckinck,oneofthemostinfluentialcriticsofhisday,calledthetalea“psychological

romance”,astudyofcharacterinwhichthehumanheartisanatomized,carefully,elaborately,andwithstrikingpoeticanddramaticpower.HealsopraisedHawthorne’sdeparturefromtheoverlyornatewritingstylepopularatthetime,whichdisplayed“artificeandeffortattheexpenseofnatureandease.”Duyckinck’sreviewwassupportedbymostwesternscholars.(Wikipedia:Neutralpointofview)

擬研究的主要內容和思路TheScarletLetterisregardedasthefirstsymbolismnovelinAmericanliterature.Wecanfindsymbolismthroughoutthewholenovelandhavevarietiesmeaning,suchasthesymbolof“A”,thesymbolofthecharacter’sname,thesymbolofdifferentscenes,onlybyanalyzingthosesymbolismindetail,canwehaveaoverallsenseofthethemeandgetabetterunderstandingofsymbolism.Thisthesismainlyinvolvesfollowingtopics:1.IntroductiononHawthorneandTheScarletletter.1.1IntroductiononHawthorne.1.2IntroductiononTheScarletletter.1.3IntroductiononTheThemeofTheScarletLetter.2.IntroductiononSymbolism.2.1DefinitionofSymbolism.2.2CharacteristicsofSymbolism.2.2.1Polysemy2.2.2Uncertainty3.TheUsageofSymbolisminTheScarletLetter.3.1TheSymbolof“A”.3.1.1“A”standsfor“adultery”3.1.2“A”standsfor“alienation”3.1.3“A”standsfor“able”3.1.4“A”standsfor“angel”3.2TheSymboloftheCharacters.3.2.1HesterPrynne3.2.2ArthurDimmsdale3.2.3RogerChillingworth3.2.4Pearl3.3TheSymboloftheScenes.3.3.1Thescaffold3.3.2Thejailandthetomb3.3.3Thevalley4.Conclusion

研究的創新點及重、難點ThisthesislaystheemphasisonanalyzingsymbolismusedinTheScarletLetter.Asweallknown,TheScarletLetterisregardedasthefirstsymbolismnovelintheAmericanliterature,therearevarietiesofsymbolisminthestory,suchasthesymbolof“A”,thesymbolofthecharactersname,thesymbolofdifferentscenes.AmongThem,itisdifficulttounderstandthesymbolof“A”,because“A”variesconstantlywiththedevelopmentoftheplot,andtheyareoftenemergedinthecriticalperiodoftheplot’sdevelopment.Besides,thisthesisisontheuniquepositiontorevealthesymbolismofthescenes,whichisveryinnovative.Throughoutthewholenovel,therearedifferentscenes,carryingdifferentmeanings,thoughtheyhaveprofoundsymbolism,theyrarelybediscussed.Thisthesistryingtomakeupfortheshortageinthisaspect.

研究進程安排December20-January16:January17-February28:March7-March27:March28-April10:April11-May8:posingquestionsoftheresearchandcollectingmaterialsanalyzingthematerialsandwritinganoutlinecompletingthefirstdraftandseekingthesupervisor’sadvicerefiningthepaperaccordingtosupervisor’ssuggestionsfinalizingthethesisbasedonthesetrequirements

主要參考文獻[1]Brown,Gillian.“Hawthorne,Inheritance,andWomen’sProperty”,StudiesintheNovel23.1(Spring1991):107-18[2]Brodhead,RichardH.Hawthorne,Melville,andtheNovel.ChicagoandLondon:TheUniversityofChicagoPress,1973[3]ChangYaoXin.ed.ASurveyofAmericanLiterature[M].NanKaiUniversityPress.1990[4]GeorgeMcMichael,ed.1985,ConciseAnthologyofAmericanliterature(SecondEdition)[M].MaemillanPublishingCompanyNewYork,181.[5]Perry,R.B.PuritanismandDemocracy[M].NewYork:VanguardPress.1944.[6]霍桑.霍桑作品集——紅字[M].周曉賢,鄧延遠譯,杭州:浙江文藝出版社,1995[7]霍桑.紅字[M].熊玉鵬,賈文淵,賈文浩譯,太原:北岳文藝出版,2000[8]李儒壽.《紅字》女主人公海絲特·白蘭性格特征探析.武漢大學學報(人文科學版),2005

[9]任曉晉,魏玲.《紅字》中象征與原型的模糊性、多義性和矛盾性.外國文學研究,2000

其他說明

指導教師意見

指導教師簽名:2012年指導教師小組意見月日

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論文關鍵詞:體裁,體裁分析,英文促銷信

 

1.前言

近15年,體裁(genre)和體裁分析(genreanalysis)成為第一語言和第二語言教學領域里的熱門話題(Hyon 1996)。我國不少專家、學者都試圖把這種理論應用在具有特定交際目的的篇章上,如分析農業英語論文摘要(易興霞,2006),分析應用語言學領域學術文章的宏觀和微觀結構(楊瑞英,2006),分析商務促銷類語篇(王宏俐,郭繼榮,2006)等。本文擬從Bhatia的英文促銷信的體裁分析模式入手電子商務論文,分析主要交際目的為說服潛在客戶購買商家所提供的產品或接受其服務的英文促銷信的表現形式,圖式結構和特殊信息,并通過分析語義的文化預設和搭配意義,加深對促銷信的語言表面特征的認識。

2.理論依據

2.1體裁

語言學中的體裁(genre)不同于文學中的體裁。Swales(1990:45-58)認為體裁是在特定社會文化背景下對人類交際事件進行分類的結果。所謂交際事件就是人們按照特定目的和特定程式運用語言在社會中辦事的實例。新加坡的Bhatia(1993:13-16)在Swales的體裁理論基礎上做了進一步的完善,認為:1)體裁是一種可辨認的交際事件;2)體裁不是一般的交際事件,而是一種內部結構特征鮮明,高度約定俗成的交際事件;3)在建構語篇時,必須遵循某種特定體裁所要求的慣例;4)盡管體裁有其慣例和制約性,內行人仍可在體裁規定內傳達個人意圖和交際目的。因此交際目的往往決定應該使用哪種體裁,而體裁的常規性又為我們提供了可以遵循的體裁結構潛勢。

2.2體裁分析

體裁分析是20 世紀90 年代由Swales (1990)和Bhatia (1993)發展起來的一種分析方法。他們認為任何體裁都是由一系列的語輪構成,語步(move)和步驟(step)是語篇分析的出發點論文開題報告。Swales的層次動向法(move approach)常用在具體的體裁分析中,即根據不同的交際目的,對某一語篇按照意義與功能劃出層次,然后再根據層次來考察分析語言的表達形式。Swales 沒有對語步和步驟提出明確的定義,但Nwogu(1997)認為語步是一個由一系列詞匯,主題意義和修辭特征所標明的具有統一意義傾向的語篇片斷,步驟是實現語步的可供選擇的修辭策略,一個語步可以由一個或多個步驟來實現。例如,Bhatia (1993:62)根據體裁“語步(moves)和步驟(steps)”分析理論電子商務論文,將推銷體裁概括成七個“語步”(move):1.Establishing credentials (確立資格證明);2. Introducing the offer (介紹推銷內容):(1)offering the product or service (介紹產品或服務),(2)Essential detailing of the offer(介紹推銷內容的重要細節),(3)Indicating value of the offer(指明推銷內容的價值);3. Offering incentives(激勵購買);4.Enclosingdocuments(附寄文件);5. Soliciting response(請求回復);6. Using pressure tactics(采用壓力策略);7.Ending politely(禮貌收尾)。在以上七個“語步”中,第二語步Introducing the offer 又是由三個步驟(step)組成的。

體裁分析模式為語篇研究提供了新的考察視角與方式。使用體裁和體裁分析理論對某個特定語篇進行分析,是對語篇宏觀結構和微觀結構分析的有機結合,既注重語篇結構的宏觀結構和認知結構,也注重特定的體裁結構在詞匯和語法層面的特定表現。

3.體裁分析在英文促銷信中的應用

3.1促銷信的體裁界定

促銷信是商務英語中常見的一種語篇,它是以書信的格式由促銷人員向顧客傳遞商品或服務的存在及其性能、特征等信息,幫助顧客認識商品或服務所帶來的利益,從而達到引起顧客的注意和興趣、喚起需求、采取購買行為的目的。因此它的本質是銷售者和消費者之間的信息溝通,主要交際目的就是通過向消費者的宣傳、誘導和提示,促進消費者產生購買動機,影響消費者的購買行為,實現產品由生產領域向消費領域的轉移。這樣的交際目的決定收信人和寫信人通常為并不熟悉的雙方,因此語言上謙虛有禮、簡潔明晰是必不可少的。

3.2 促銷信的內在宏觀結構

一封成功的促銷信在內在結構上,基本遵循 Bhatia 的七個 “語步”的模式,通過吸引客戶的注意、向客戶詳細介紹所推銷的產品或服務并索求回復等語篇片斷來實現說服潛在客戶購買所推銷產品或服務的交際目的。下面我們從Bhatia的英文促銷信的體裁分析模式入手,來具體討論促銷信的層次動向。

Dear customer,

⑴The union bakers would like to announce a great offerthis Valentine day. Every two kg cake you buy you get raffle ticket whichallows you to enter into a draw which will give you a chance to win a dinnerfor two at a three star hotel. You can have a wonderful dinner with your lovedone on the eve of Valentine’s Day.

⑵ The bakers will arrange for the pickup and drop to thevenue and you can enjoy the dinner along with the dance party at the three starhotels.

⑶Don’t you think it will be funto take your girlfriend or boyfriend out for dinner on a valentine’s day and make the day a special one? Imagine all thatfun you have with your loved one with tasty cuisine and exciting and thrillingdance party. To top it all you can meet famous singer and dancer who is theguest of honor that day.

⑷Visit any of our outlets to get more information. Hurryand buy a wonderful tasty cake for your loved one.

⑸Since the offer is valid till (time how long).please actnow.

⑹Sincerely電子商務論文,

這封促銷信由五段組成,第一段的第一句是第一個語步:Establishing credentials (確立資格證明),通過提及在情人節要提供的一項服務來吸引顧客的注意力;第一段的第二句到第三段是第二個語步:Introducing the offer (介紹推銷內容)。第二個語步由三個步驟組成:⑴offering the product or service(介紹產品或服務),⑵Essential detailing of the offer(介紹推銷內容的重要細節),⑶Indicating value of the offer(指明推銷內容的價值)。第一段的第二句是第一個步驟,主要介紹了即將推出的服務——每買兩千克蛋糕就能抽簽,就有機會贏得在三星級賓館的兩人晚宴;第一段的第三句和第二段是第二個步驟,詳細介紹推銷服務的細節——情人節前夕在三星級賓館和摯愛共進晚餐、共舞;第三段是第三個步驟,主要指出推銷服務的精神價值——使情人節過得特別,并能遇到明星。第二個語步是促銷信最為重要的部分,決定能否幫助顧客認識商品或服務所帶來的利益,從而達到引起顧客的注意和興趣、喚起需求、最終采取購買行為的目的。第四段是第三、四個語步:Offering incentives (激勵購買)和Soliciting response(請求回復)。第四段第一句是請求顧客做出回復——到銷售點尋求更多信息;第二句是鼓勵有購買傾向的顧客下定決心。第五段是第五個語步:Using pressure tactics (采用壓力策略),Sincerely和簽名是第六個語步:Endingpolitely (禮貌收尾),作為傳統信件獨特的結尾方式,這一語步在促銷信中也很常見。

與Bhatia的七個語步模式略有不同的是:這封促銷信并沒有Enclosingdocuments (附寄文件)這一語步;而且Offering incentives (激勵購買)和Soliciting response(請求回復)的順序也有所不同。王宏俐,郭繼榮(2006) 認為,在語篇構建中常使用的語步是核心語步,不太出現的輔語步是外圍語步,在促銷信中電子商務論文,第一、二、四語步是核心語步,由于Enclosing documents (附寄文件)這一語步是外圍語步,銷售者可根據情況決定是否使用;至于語步順序,盡管促銷信是專門用途英語里的一種,有其慣例和制約性,但我們仍可在體裁規定內傳達個人意圖和交際目的。

3.3 促銷信的文化預設和搭配意義

這實際是一封是以西方文化為背景的抽獎促銷信論文開題報告。促銷信的最主要部分——第二語步也是以這個文化預設為先決條件的。銷售者想要促銷的商品是蛋糕,但在促銷信里,抽獎有可能贏得情人節的晚餐卻是描述的重點,這主要是商家抓住了顧客消費過程中的僥幸獲大利心理——以抽獎贏得與摯愛在情人節共進免費晚餐的機會,設置中獎機會,利用抽獎的形式,來吸引消費者購買商品蛋糕。令人心動的抽獎活動成功地把顧客的注意力指向拉到了本應大力宣傳的產品——蛋糕上面。如果收信人不了解這個文化預設,就不容易達到促銷信的交際目的。

Leech(1981:17)認為:搭配意義是指一個詞與另一個詞連用搭配時使得該詞的意義隨語境而發生的變化。因此促銷信在詞的搭配上非常注意。促銷信使用的形容詞大多是描述性和評價性的,多為褒義詞,例如:great,wonderful,special,tasty,exciting電子商務論文,thrilling,famous,wonderful,這些形容詞為收信人勾勒出一幅浪漫、激情、美味的晚餐情景。盡管這是一封書信,但口語詞匯多余書面語詞匯,淺顯易懂、簡潔明晰。銷售者為了推銷商品或者服務,常常直接使用反問疑問句和祈使句,增強引導功能,說服或敦促收信人采取購買行動。

3.4 總結

體裁分析超越了對語篇語言特征的簡單描述,力求解釋語篇的理據,探討語篇結構背后的社會文化因素和心理認知因素,揭示實現交際背景的特殊方式和語篇結構的規范性。促銷信具是專門用途英語的一種,把促銷信這一體裁語篇看作是一個有規律的有結構的層次動向的組合的思想,有助于我們更好地理解這種信函體裁,寫出目的明確、結構清晰、用詞準確的促銷信。

[參考文獻]

[1]Hyon,Sunny. Genrein Three Traditions: Implications for ESL [J]. TESOL Quarterly,30/ 4 :693-722,1996.

[2]易興霞.體裁分析與農業英語論文摘要[J]. 西安外國語學院學報,2006,9.

[3]楊瑞英.體裁分析的應用:應用語言學學術文章結構分析[J]. 外語與外語教學,2006,10.

[4]王宏俐,郭繼榮.體裁分析與商務促銷類語篇[J]. 外語教學,2006,7.

[5]Swales,J. M.Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.

[6]Bhatia,V. K.Analyzing Genre: Language Use in Professional Settings [M]. London: Longman,1993.

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